Silo design depends on several factors, each of which should be carefully considered to achieve an efficient bulk material storage and handling solution. The physical and chemical properties of the stored bulk solid (such as bulk density, particle size, angle of repose, flowability, moisture content, corrosivity, and minimum ignition temperature), storage volume, silo filling and discharge capacity, process limitations, connected equipment, wind loads, and seismic loads are some of the key factors in silo design. Process and occupational safety considerations are also crucial elements in the engineering design of silos.
Although silos are often seen as simple structures for bulk material storage, they come with several operational risks. Depending on product properties and environmental conditions, flow problems such as arching (bridging), piping, or funnel flow may occur.